Knaggs, Albert Edward; Able Seaman; RN/RAN 7893
A war casualty, Albert Knaggs left an important diary of events up until his death in October 1916. He filled a very small notebook with almost microscopic writing; its value lies in being a contemporary eyewitness record whereas most of the other diaries of AE2 men were written years after the war.
Knaggs was born in Bristol, England, on 12 August 1881. At the time he was selected for submarine service in 1912, on loan from the RN to the RAN, he was already an experienced able seaman who had seen service on at least a dozen RN ships.
Taken prisoner from the sinking AE2 on 30 April 1915, Knaggs’ diary entries show the treatment meted out to the ordinary enlisted men, Protestant and English. Of all the classifications, this grouping was treated the most harshly. In the almost 18 months of captivity before his death, Knaggs was shunted from camp to camp and, from his own account, always seemed to be allocated the heaviest and most difficult tasks.
Jailed first in Constantinople, the submariners found themselves, as Knaggs described: ‘Nearly eaten alive with bugs and lice before supplied with soldier suits, overcoats, slippers and red fezzes, marched through the streets of Constantinople to a prison and given food not fit for pigs . . . heads shaved like criminals.’ When the men arrived at the camp in Afion Kara Hissar, their problems continued: ‘Impossible to sleep at night with the cold and wind . . . packed 32 in a room which would accommodate 16 healthily.’
Knaggs was put to work roadmaking and breaking stones. Without proper clothing or protective footwear, conditions were tough. The men were on near-starvation rations and became progressively weakened. In July Knaggs was given a second, similar assignment. He wrote: ‘All English left to work in the country, marching all day, before sleeping in the cold outdoors at night. Then began more roadwork, from sunrise to sunset, on bread and water.’ On 14 July he wrote, ominously: ‘We refused to work.’
This was a dangerous tactic to adopt in the prison camps. Knaggs and his group were sent back to Afion Kara Hissar, but then re-assigned to another group of English prisoners who were being shipped by rail to Angora. From there they were marched 80 miles to an old army training barracks in Çankiri, again a cold draughty place full of lice and vermin. All the men arrived there in a weak and exhausted state.
Later Knaggs was shipped back from Çankiri with a group of men who were ill or injured. Some were carried the 80 miles back to Angora by wagon, but others were made to ‘march through snow so heavy you would sink to your boot-tops’. From there they were put on a heavily overloaded train which headed for Konya, and then continued in the direction of Pozanti in the Taurus Mountains. Knaggs wrote optimistically from there in February: ‘Here we are allowed plenty of liberty, no sentries allowed to interfere with us as long as things run smoothly. The work consists of drilling and blasting tunnels, navvying etc . . . The name of this place being Belemedik.’
Shortly after this entry, Knaggs was transferred to labouring work at the sawmills, a less demanding job. He began to report continually on the disease sweeping through the camp, now seriously overcrowded with thousands of prisoners living in sub-standard conditions. Malaria and typhoid fever were rampant, especially in the Russian and French quarters.
At the end of March 1916, he was placed at the First Tunnel camp, working as a cook for German carpenters, and from there was sent at the end of May to Kula Maghera, a Second Tunnel camp along the railway line. It is not known why he was moved around so frequently, more so than any other AE2 prisoner of war. His diary entries end abruptly on 18 July 1916.
Knaggs’ poor health may have been one reason for his difficulties as a POW. He had contracted malaria, probably in the first wave of the illness that swept Belemedik in early spring, and although he had been inoculated against typhoid fever at Afion Kara Hissar, he died in the makeshift camp hospital at Belemedik on 22 October 1916. He was buried at Belemedik in the Christian Armenian Cemetery. The Imperial War Graves Commission later relocated his grave to their official Baghdad North Gate Cemetery.
